The litter box might be the least glamorous part of cat ownership, but it’s one of the most important. A poor setup is a leading cause of cats going outside the box. Getting the basics right keeps your cat comfortable and your home clean. Here’s what you need to know.
At a Glance:
- How many: one box per cat, plus one extra
- Size: about 1.5 times your cat’s length, nose to tail base
- Litter: unscented, clumping litter is preferred by many cats
- Depth: about 1–2 inches
- Cleaning: scoop at least once a day, wash boxes regularly
- Location: quiet, private, easy to reach, away from food
How Many Litter Boxes?
The common rule is n+1: one box per cat, plus one extra. Two cats need three boxes. In multi-level homes, place at least one box on each floor.
The Cornell Feline Health Center recommends providing enough boxes and keeping them clean to prevent house soiling.
Choosing the Right Box
| Feature | What to look for |
|---|---|
| Size | Large; many commercial boxes are too small. Storage bins work well |
| Sides | Low entry for kittens and seniors; higher sides for cats who kick |
| Cover | Many cats prefer uncovered boxes; covered boxes trap odors inside |
| Self-cleaning | Some cats accept them, but noise can scare others |
Choosing Litter
| Type | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Clumping clay | Easy scooping, preferred by many cats | Dusty, heavy |
| Non-clumping clay | Inexpensive | Harder to keep clean |
| Silica crystals | Absorbent, low odor | Texture some cats dislike |
| Pine, wheat, corn, walnut | Natural, lightweight | Variable clumping; some track |
| Paper pellets | Low dust; good after surgery | Less odor control |
Many cats prefer fine-grained, unscented clumping litter. Scented litters and liners can discourage use.
Where to Put the Box
Good spots:
- Quiet areas with some privacy
- Places your cat can reach easily
- Spots with two escape routes, especially in multi-cat homes
Avoid:
- Next to food and water bowls
- Beside loud appliances like washers or furnaces
- Hard-to-reach basements for senior cats
- High-traffic hallways
Cleaning Schedule
| Task | How often |
|---|---|
| Scoop clumps and feces | At least once daily (twice is better) |
| Top up litter | As needed |
| Dump and replace all litter | Every 1–2 weeks for clumping; more often for non-clumping |
| Wash box with mild soap and water | Every 1–4 weeks |
| Replace the box | About once a year, as scratches hold odor |
Avoid strong-smelling cleaners like bleach or ammonia.
Watch the Box for Health Clues
Daily scooping helps you notice changes:
| Change | Possible concern |
|---|---|
| Larger or more clumps | Diabetes, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism |
| Small, frequent clumps or blood | Urinary problems |
| No urine and straining | Possible urinary blockage, an emergency |
| Diarrhea or constipation | Digestive problems |
Special Situations
Kittens
Use a small, low-sided box at first. See our kitten care checklist.
Senior cats
Use low-entry boxes and place them on every floor. See caring for a senior cat.
After surgery
Your vet may recommend paper litter to keep wounds clean.
Common Mistakes
- Too few boxes
- Boxes too small
- Scented litter or liners
- Infrequent cleaning
- All boxes in one spot
- Moving the box suddenly
If your cat is going outside the box, see why is my cat peeing outside the litter box.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do cats prefer covered boxes?
Many prefer uncovered boxes. If you use a covered one, offer an uncovered box too and see which your cat chooses.
How do I switch litter?
Mix the new litter into the old gradually over 1 to 2 weeks.
Can cats share a litter box?
Some do, but many prefer their own. Follow the n+1 rule to avoid conflict.
Why does my cat kick litter out?
Digging and covering are normal. A bigger box or higher sides help.
Why does my cat sit in the litter box?
It may feel safe there, or it may have trouble urinating. Watch closely and call your vet if you see straining.
How do I control odor?
Daily scooping, regular full litter changes and good ventilation work better than scented products.
Can I flush cat litter?
Most litter shouldn’t be flushed. It can clog pipes, and cat waste can carry parasites into waterways.
Is it okay to use a litter box mat?
Yes. Mats catch scattered litter. Choose one that’s easy to clean and doesn’t bother your cat’s paws.
How deep should the litter be for long-haired cats?
A slightly shallower layer, around 1 to 2 inches, can reduce litter sticking in fur.
What if my cat won’t use a new box?
Place it next to the old one with familiar litter, then remove the old box once your cat uses the new one.
This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If you’re worried about your pet’s health, contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospital.
