Sneezing, runny eyes and a stuffy nose are the classic signs of a cat “cold.” Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are very common, especially in kittens, shelter cats and multi-cat homes. Most cats recover with supportive care, but some need treatment. Here’s what to know about upper respiratory infections in cats.
Quick Answer: Most feline URIs are caused by viruses, mainly feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus, sometimes with bacteria like Bordetella or Chlamydia felis. Signs include sneezing, nasal discharge, watery or crusty eyes, fever and poor appetite. Many mild cases improve in 1 to 3 weeks. See a vet if your cat stops eating, has trouble breathing, has thick colored discharge or is a young kitten.
Common Causes
| Cause | Notes |
|---|---|
| Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) | Very common; can cause eye ulcers; often lifelong with flare-ups |
| Feline calicivirus (FCV) | Mouth ulcers, sometimes limping; some strains severe |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | Bacteria; more common in crowded settings |
| Chlamydia felis | Bacteria; mainly eye inflammation (conjunctivitis) |
| Mycoplasma | Bacteria; may complicate infections |
The Cornell Feline Health Center notes that these infections spread easily where many cats live together.
Signs of a URI
- Sneezing
- Clear or colored nasal discharge
- Watery, red or crusty eyes
- Squinting
- Congestion and mouth breathing
- Fever
- Lethargy
- Decreased appetite (cats rely on smell to eat)
- Mouth ulcers or drooling (calicivirus)
How URIs Spread
- Direct contact with infected cats
- Sneezing droplets
- Shared bowls, bedding and litter boxes
- People’s hands and clothing
Many cats carry herpesvirus for life after infection. Stress can trigger flare-ups. See stress in cats.
Home Care for Mild URIs
- Keep your cat eating. Warm wet food slightly to boost its smell.
- Keep your cat hydrated. Offer fresh water and wet food.
- Use steam. Sit with your cat in a steamy bathroom for 10 to 15 minutes to loosen congestion.
- Wipe eyes and nose gently with a warm, damp cloth.
- Keep your cat warm and rested.
- Isolate from other cats if possible.
Don’t give human cold medicines to cats. Many are toxic.
Vet Treatment
Your vet may recommend:
- Antibiotics if a bacterial infection is suspected
- Antiviral eye drops or oral antivirals for herpesvirus in some cases
- Eye ointments for ulcers or conjunctivitis
- Appetite stimulants
- Fluids for dehydration
- Nebulization
When to See a Vet
Go to a vet promptly if your cat:
- Hasn’t eaten for 24 hours or more (kittens sooner)
- Has trouble breathing or breathes with an open mouth
- Has thick yellow or green discharge
- Has eye pain, cloudiness or squinting
- Is a young kitten, senior or has a chronic illness
- Isn’t improving after about a week
Prevention
- Vaccinate. FVRCP vaccines reduce severity of herpesvirus and calicivirus. See cat vaccination schedule.
- Quarantine new cats for 1 to 2 weeks.
- Reduce stress.
- Wash hands after handling other cats.
- Keep good ventilation in multi-cat homes.
Chronic or Recurring URIs
Some cats have frequent flare-ups or chronic nasal discharge. Your vet may recommend further tests like nasal swabs, X-rays or rhinoscopy to look for underlying issues.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can people catch a cat’s cold?
Most feline URI viruses don’t infect people. Bordetella and Chlamydia felis rarely affect people with weak immune systems.
Can dogs catch cat colds?
Feline herpesvirus and calicivirus don’t infect dogs. Bordetella can spread between species.
How long are cats contagious?
Cats can shed virus for weeks, and herpesvirus carriers may shed during stress.
Does lysine help?
Studies haven’t shown consistent benefit. Talk to your vet before using supplements.
Can indoor cats get URIs?
Yes, especially if a new cat joins the home or herpesvirus reactivates during stress.
Do vaccinated cats still get sick?
They can, but symptoms are usually milder.
Should I keep my cat away from other cats?
Yes, during illness, to reduce spread. Use separate bowls and litter boxes if possible.
How long does a cat URI last?
Most mild infections improve within 7 to 21 days. Herpesvirus eye problems and secondary infections can last longer.
Should I clean my cat’s eyes?
Yes. Gently wipe away discharge with a soft cloth or cotton pad moistened with warm water. Use a fresh pad for each eye.
Why won’t my sick cat eat?
Congestion blocks the sense of smell, which cats rely on to find food appealing. Warming wet food often helps. Call your vet if your cat hasn’t eaten in a day.
Can a URI turn into pneumonia?
Occasionally, especially in kittens, seniors and cats with weak immune systems. Labored breathing needs prompt vet care.
This article is for general information only and isn’t a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If you’re worried about your pet’s health, contact your veterinarian or an emergency animal hospital.
